The water soluble Pd complex of dicyclohexyl(2-sulfo-9-(3-(4-sulfophenyl)propyl)-9H-fluoren-9-yl)phosphine was used for an efficient copper free and sustainable reaction protocol for Sonogashira cross couplings. Using a water/ipropanol mixture as the solvent and K2CO3 as base, numerous heterocyclic and aryl bromides and chlorides were reacted with various acetylenes in near quantitative yield at 1 mol% catalyst loading and 90 °C.
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Fleckenstein et al. (2008) studied this question.
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