The principles of operation of potentiometric, amperometric, coulometric and impedance-based oxygen gas sensors are reviewed. Factors influencing the speed of response are considered in detail and related to the information obtainable from impedance measurements. The response of a sensor to gaseous mixtures not in equilibrium is discussed, particularly in relation to measurements in gases generated by the combustion of fossil fuels.
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W.C. Maskell (1987) studied this question.
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