Review demonstrates sustainable synthetic routes for trifluoromethylated heterocycles, highlighting how photocatalysis and electrochemistry replace toxic reagents.
Key Points
To review the evolution of intramolecular cyclisation strategies for synthesizing trifluoromethylated heterocycles, contrasting traditional methods with emerging green chemical technologies.
Classified the reactivity and structural characteristics of electrophilic, nucleophilic, and radical trifluoromethylating reagents.
Evaluated transition-metal catalysts (Pd, Cu, Ag) and oxidant-promoted thermal cyclisations alongside modern green synthetic modalities.
Analyzed the utility of visible-light photocatalysis, electrochemistry, photoelectrocatalysis, mechanochemistry, and biocatalysis in cascade cyclisations.
Photocatalytic and electrochemical methods enable mild cascade cyclisations with broad substrate scopes while avoiding stoichiometric chemical oxidants.
Enzymatic catalysis provides an effective platform for the asymmetric synthesis of chiral trifluoromethylated heterocycles with high stereoselectivity.