Multiplexed ratiometric photoluminescent detection of pyrophosphate using anisotropic boron-doped nitrogen-rich carbon rugby ball-like nanodots

but also as a dual-mode PPi-selective sensor via ratiometric displacement and a competitive mechanism. With the broad diversity in the molecular backbone of the carbon dots via rich chemical routes, anisotropic BNCRDs have been developed with unique structural, electrical, and attractive functions, which greatly expands the research horizon of carbon-based composites.