Multifunctional superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles: design, synthesis and biomedical photonic applications

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Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) have shown great promise in biomedical applications. In this review, we summarize the recent advances in the design and fabrication of core-shell and hetero-structured SPIONs and further outline some exciting developments and progresses of these multifunctional SPIONs for diagnosis, multimodality imaging, therapy, and biophotonics.