We measured experimentally the static friction force Fₛ on the surface of a glass rod immersed in dry sand. We observed that Fₛ is extremely sensitive to the closeness of packing of grains. A linear increase of the grain density yields to an exponentially increasing friction force. We also report on the periodicity of Fₛ during gradual pulling out of the rod. Our observations demonstrate the central role of grain bridges and arches in the macroscopic properties of granular packings. {} 1996 The American Physical Society.
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Horváth et al. (1996) studied this question.
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