Electroanalytical Techniques for the Future: The Challenges of Miniaturization and of Real-Time Measurements

A brief survey of electrochemical methods which can be employed to respond to the challenge of measuring electroactive species in untreated solutions in real-time is made. Particular attention is given to the advantages that can be obtained from miniaturization and protection of the electrode surface against fouling with polymers, together with employment of novel instrumentation techniques. The merits of the batch injection analysis approach in addressing these questions are discussed and illustrated.