The role of trapped particles in large amplitude electrostatic waves is studied in computer simulation experiments. Both in waves generated by a beam-plasma instability and in waves excited externally, trapped particles are artificially untrapped or redistributed in phase space. It is found that removal of trapped particles eliminates amplitude oscillations and side-band growth while the redistribution of these particles in the trapping region leads to significant changes in damping rates, saturation levels, and sideband growth.
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Rosen et al. (1972) studied this question.
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