Simply by flipping up, suitable ligand units attached to the calix[4]arene -- iron(III) complex represented schematically on the right can bind the “soft” iron(II) ion generated on reduction (X = coordinating buffer molecules). The calixarene bears two sets of ion-binding groups: one for “hard” and one for “soft” metal ions. The metal complex switches between the two states during redox reactions, and this switching process can be followed in real time by UV/V is spectroscopy.
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Canevet et al. (1996) studied this question.
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