Systematic revision of the subgenus Ceratitis MacLeay s.s. (Diptera, Tephritidae)

The fruit fly genus Ceratitis MacLeay (Diptera, Tephritidae) comprises several important pest species attacking a wide range of unrelated fruits. This is the third paper in a series revising the genus, and deals with representatives of the subgenus Ceratitis s.s. Eight species are recognized: Ceratitis brachychaeta Freidberg, C. caetrata Munro, C. capitata (Wiedemann), C. catoirii Guerin-Meneville, C. comuta (Bezzi), C. malgassa Munro, C. manjakatompo Hancock and C. pinax Munro. Lectotypes are designated for C. catoirii and C. pinax. A key for both sexes is provided, with illustrations of cephalic bristles, mesonotal and wing patterns, and shape of aculeus. All species are Afrotropical, except for 67. capitata, which has become widespread. The phylogeny and biogeography of Ceratitis s.s. are discussed, based on a cladistic analysis, and showing indications that the mediterranean fruit fly, C. capitata, may have its origins in eastern Africa. The relationship of this subgenus within the genus Ceratitis s.l. is also outlined.