Cooperative interactions between metal ions and bivalent tryptophan side chain are identified in water by fluorescence quenching of a designed novel receptor, EDTA-bis(L-tryptophan methyl ester), supplemented by a circular dichroism study; results revealed that the receptor is capable of distinguishing a variety of metal ions on the basis of their abilities in quenching tryptophan fluorescence and the relative magnitude of these interactions is Cu2+ approximately Fe2+ >> Co2+ > Ni2+ >> Mn2+ > Zn2+ > La3+ > Al3+.
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Li et al. (2003) studied this question.
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