Biological Basis of Disease and Behavior

Attitude toward the Nature ofDisease We are a long way beyond the days when disease was interpreted as the act ofa vengeful god or retribution for having sinned. We now look upon disease as something over which man should exercise control; we believe that illness and premature death represent evidence ofman's failure either to understand adequately the nature of a disease or to act when specific knowledge is available. The extent to which life can now be prolonged increases the importance of concern with the meaningfulness and effectiveness of living. The possibilities are now greatly augmented for enrichment oflife through wisdom that could accrue to many more whose life span will reach long beyond the minimum necessary to perpetuate the species—and could be used in the service of the generations to follow. The concept of the basis of disease has been so well established and so fruitful that it would seem to be unnecessary to dwell upon the subject. However, I have chosen to do so because I have the feeling that it bears repetition, and especially because the phrase biological basis of disease and behavior indicates how this concept serves as a guide in seeking solutions ofman's problems. We are all aware of the extent to which advancing clinical knowledge and diagnostic skills can reduce suffering and save many from premature death. We are also aware that ultimate solutions to problems ofhuman disease come from understanding the relevant mechanisms that become disordered, giving rise to disease. Understanding of this kind leads inevitably to insights into the development of means for treatment and, sometimes, prevention.