The diversity of complex plasma systems is discussed and the various systems are quantified in terms of the "state variables" Γ and κ (see text). It is shown that complex plasmas may exist as crystals, one-phase fluids, two-phase fluids and granular media. The kinetic details and origins of localized shear flows during the liquid–solid phase transition are investigated, as well as plane and curved shears—both on the basis of measurements and simulations. The origins of kinetic instabilities are then briefly discussed.
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Morfill et al. (2004) studied this question.