Further evidence that monochamol is attractive toMonochamus(Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) species, with attraction synergised by host plant volatiles and bark beetle (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) pheromones

Monochamol (2-undecyloxy-1-ethanol) is a male-produced aggregation pheromone for severalMonochamusDejean (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) species. We conducted trapping experiments in Canada, Poland, and China to test whether monochamol was attractive to additionalMonochamusspecies and if attraction was synergised by plant volatiles and bark beetle (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) pheromones. We provide the first evidence of attraction forM. urussovii(Fischer) andM. saltuarius(Gebler) to monochamol or monochamol+kairomones. The highest numbers ofM. urussoviiwere captured in traps baited with monochamol+plant volatiles (Manuka oil, ethanol and (95/5±) α−pinene). Captures ofM. saltuariuswere highest in traps baited with monochamol, with the addition of cubeb oil tending to reduce captures. The highest numbers ofM. scutellatus(Say) were captured in traps baited with monochamol+kairomones. A similar pattern in trap captures was found forM. notatus(Drury),M. marmoratorKirby,M. carolinensis(Olivier), andM. mutatorLeConte. Detection rates, that is, proportion of traps capturing at least one specimen, was highest for traps baited with monochamol plus kairomones, particularly for less-common species. These results support the emerging hypothesis that pheromone compounds can attract related cerambycid species with cumulative evidence for attraction to monochamol for 12 species ofMonochamusworldwide.