Differences in Fecal Microbiome and Antimicrobial Resistance between Captive and Free-Range Sika Deer under the Same Exposure of Antibiotic Anthelmintics

We used a metagenomic approach to investigate whether and how captive and free-range impact the microbial communities and antimicrobial resistance in sika deer. The results provide solid evidence of the significant impacts on the microbial composition and function in captive and free-range sika deer. Interestingly, although the sika deer had the same exposure to antibiotic anthelmintics, the antimicrobial resistances were affected by the breeding environment.