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T. D. Williams, P. Rothery, Factors Affecting Variation in Foraging and Activity Patterns of Gentoo Penguins (Pygoscelis papua) During the Breeding Season at Bird Island, South Georgia, Journal of Applied Ecology, Vol. 27, No. 3 (Dec., 1990), pp. 1042-1054
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Williams et al. (1990) studied this question.
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