Methods for the separation, preconcentration, and determination of tetracycline antibiotics

The data published in the last five years concerning the determination of tetracycline antibiotics in different samples are generalized. Sample preparation procedures for real samples, including liquid extraction from solid matrices, pressurized liquid extraction, matrix solid-phase dispersion, QuEChERS method, and solid-phase extraction, are compared. The following important determination techniques are discussed: chromatographic, electrophoretic, spectroscopic, and electrochemical. The determination of the above antibiotics in food products, feed, environmental samples, pharmaceuticals, and biological fluids is exemplified.