Chiral Pd aqua and µ-hydroxo complexes were found to act as mild Brønsted acids and bases, and chiral Pd enolates were generated from these complexes even under acidic conditions. Highly enantioselective Michael addition, Mannich-type reaction, fluorination, and conjugate addition of amines have been developed based on the acid-base character of these Pd complexes.
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Sodeoka et al. (2006) studied this question.
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