The increasing contribution of micro/nano bubble usage in industrial purification processes

Froth flotation is a proven and widely used method for fine particle separation in mineral processing and water treatment, but process efficiency decreases rapidly as particle size decreases. The separation of ultrafine particles, typically smaller than 10 μm, presents a significant technical challenge for mineral processing plants and environmental remediation efforts. Although various approaches can be considered (such as design, collector type, etc.), in recent years, the use of surface micro/nanobubbles in flotation has been recognized as an effective approach to increase removal efficiency and recovery. Compared to traditional macrobubble flotation processes, the unique surface and volume properties of micro/nanobubbles significantly enhance separation and treatment performance. Beyond ultrafine particle removal, dissolved air flotation systems are now being applied as a treatment and recovery methods in many sectors, including the food, pharmaceutical, paper, and chemical industries. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the current status by briefly outlining the fundamentals and applications of micro/nanobubble flotation.