Several instrumental developments to examine the rheology of ultrathin confined liquids are described. These include capacitance sensing of the film thickness, concurrent measurement of normal and shear forces by piezoelectric methods, application of periodic forces in the normal direction to determine dynamic oscillatory shear moduli, and quantification of apparatus misalignment. The method to separate apparatus from sample contributions is stressed.
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Dhinojwala et al. (1996) studied this question.
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