3-D Nonlinear Acoustic Inverse Scattering: Algorithm and Quantitative Results

We describe a novel 3-D ultrasound technology, the quantitative transmission ultrasound system and algorithm to image a pendent breast in a water bath. Quantitative accuracy is verified using phantoms. Morphological accuracy is verified using cadaveric breast and in vivo images, and spatial resolution is estimated. This paper generalizes an earlier 2-D algorithm to a full 3-D inversion algorithm and shows the importance of such a 3-D algorithm for artifact suppression as compared with the 2-D algorithm. The resultant high-resolution ultrasound images, along with quantitative information regarding tissue speed of sound/stiffness, provide a more accurate depiction of the breast anatomy and lesions, contributing to improved breast care.