An alternative to indium tin oxide (ITO) as the cathode in organic light-emitting diodes (LEDs) is suggested: tin oxide. ITO can lead to problems of contamination of the polymer layer with indium, causing a reduction in radiant recombination and, in turn, diminished device brightness. The general consequences of the use of a semiconductor as the charge injection electrode material are analyzed, leading to the conclusion that the formation of an electron accumulation layer facilitates charge injection in the case of tin oxide.
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Arias et al. (1998) studied this question.
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