Inflammatory Bowel Disease Drugs: The Innovation Path of Pharmacokinetics and Dosage Forms

Objective:To systematically explore the pharmacokinetic characteristics of therapeutic drugs for Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) and the optimization strategies of dosage forms, so as to provide a scientific basis for clinical rational drug use and the development of innovative IBD drugs.Methods:This study reviews the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) processes of four major classes of IBD therapeutic drugs (aminosalicylates, glucocorticoids, immunosuppressants, and biological agents). It analyzes the key factors leading to individual differences in pharmacokinetics and evaluates the pharmacological advantages of new dosage forms (sustained-release, targeted preparations, etc.) by integrating clinical and preclinical research data. Additionally, pharmacogenomic aspects are comprehensively integrated into the analysis to clarify the regulatory role of genetic polymorphisms in drug metabolism enzymes, transporters, and target genes in the pharmacokinetic process of IBD drugs.Results:Intestinal inflammation (altered mucosal permeability, downregulated transporter expression), intestinal microbiota imbalance (reduced azoreductase activity), and genetic polymorphisms (e.g., thiopurine methyltransferase [TPMT], Cytochrome P450 [CYP450]) are the main factors affecting the pharmacokinetics of IBD drugs. Pharmacogenomic variations further contribute to inter-individual differences in drug response, such as TPMT gene polymorphisms leading to differences in azathioprine metabolism and efficacy. New dosage forms can increase the local drug concentration at intestinal inflammatory sites by 5–10 times reduce systemic adverse reactions (e.g., 50% lower incidence of gastric mucosal irritation), and improve patient compliance by 40% through reduced dosing frequency.Conclusion:Optimizing pharmacokinetic design and innovating dosage forms are core approaches to enhance the efficacy and safety of IBD drugs. Incorporating pharmacogenomic information into clinical decision-making can further promote personalized treatment. Future research should focus on personalized treatment based on genetic testing and the development of intelligent responsive dosage forms to meet unmet clinical needs, and natural active ingredients with targeted anti-inflammatory effects provide new directions for IBD drug development.