A theoretical treatment is given of the sources of bias that might be expected in deterrence research when estimation is carried out with spatially aggregated data. In addition, aggregation is studied empirically by comparing estimates obtained from city data for the reciprocal effects of arrest clearance rates and index crime rates on one another with those obtained from state data. Some evidence for bias in the state estimates is found.
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Greenberg et al. (1981) studied this question.
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