Footwear manufacturing in New Zealand is used to illustrate the adaptation of a mature industry to the loss of domestic market share to low-cost imports. the number and size of survivor firms are determined by available niche markets; survivors need to use a range of generic strategies to defend these markets; cooperation among firms becomes an important means of managing capacity utilization; investments in marketing and forward integration into retailing are essential to maintain market access.
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Harfield et al. (1997) studied this question.