Advanced porphyrin-integrated Cu-MOF/semiconductor hybrids for high-efficiency removal of micropollutant via photocatalytic and adsorptive pathways

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The present study reports the synthesis of an advanced heterojunction comprising Tetrakis(4-carboxyphenyl) porphyrin (TCCP)-based copper metal-organic framework (Cu-TCCP-MOF) integrated with ZnFe₂O₄ (ZFO) nanoparticles, demonstrating significant adsorption and photocatalytic capabilities. Adsorption characteristics were systematically evaluated using Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms, with the Langmuir model exhibiting superior fitting accuracy (R 2 = 0.999) relative to the Freundlich model (R 2 = 0.967), suggesting monolayer adsorption. Photocatalytic assessments revealed substantial degradation efficiencies of 97.2 % for Rhodamine B (RhB) in 90 min and 92.3 % for para-nitrophenol (PNP) in 70 min, adhering to pseudo-first-order kinetics with a calculated rate constant of 0.08124 min −1 . The pronounced photocatalytic efficacy is ascribed to the effective generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), specifically hydroxyl radicals ( ⁎ OH) and superoxide anions ( ⁎ O 2 − ). Additionally, the heterojunction exhibited excellent cyclic stability over six consecutive cycles, underscoring its applicability in wastewater remediation. This work underscores the potential of advanced MOF-based heterojunctions as promising candidates for simultaneous adsorption and photocatalytic degradation in environmental applications.