A survey on the electric vehicle routing problem and its extensions: variants and algorithms

The Electric Vehicle Routing Problem (EVRP) is a growing research area in sustainable transportation, addressing greenhouse gas emissions and supply chain challenges. This paper presents a systematic review of EVRP literature, categorizing studies by objective functions, constraints, and model extensions reflecting electric vehicle operations. The analysis reveals a shift from single- to multi-objective formulations and highlights the importance of battery limitations, charging infrastructure, and energy consumption in routing models. Solution approaches, including exact, meta-heuristic, reinforcement learning and hybrid algorithms, are explored with respect to their applications and limitations in real-world logistics. By identifying research gaps, this paper provides a framework to advance EVRP models and guide future studies, contributing to green logistics and sustainable supply chain management.