Simulation study demonstrates near-zero deadline miss rates in multi-radio industrial networks, highlighting robust scheduling middleware for Industry 4.0 automation.
Industry 4.0 applications require deterministic wireless communication with strict guarantees on latency, reliability and deadline compliance. IEEE TSN and 3GPP 5G URLLC are among the existing standards that can serve as a basis for achieving synergies between heterogeneous wireless networks. This article proposes a standardized middleware architecture that enables deterministic communications on multi-radio industrial networks using 5G URLLC, Wi-Fi 6E and TSN. Industry 4.0 applications where the proposed middleware architecture can be applied. The paper introduces a unified middleware architecture capable of enabling deterministic communication over multi-radio industrial networks through 5G URLLC, Wi-Fi 6E and TSN technologies. The proposed Deadline-Aware Resource Scheduling (DARS) mechanism adapts resource allocation based on the traffic characteristics and the network status. The experimental simulation indicates that DARS achieves a close to 0% rate for critical deadline misses in all normal, burst and failure conditions. The Deadline-Aware Resource Scheduling (DARS) mechanism adjusts its resource scheduling dynamically based on to the traffic type and network conditions. This work integrated 5G URLLC, Wi-Fi 6E, and TSN using the DARS scheduling mechanism to present a standardized middleware architecture for deterministic communication in Industry 4.0 wireless networks. The findings show that, under dynamic settings, DARS maintains bounded tail latency and competitive packet loss while reducing key deadline violations to almost zero levels in most scenarios. These results emphasize how crucial adaptive and traffic-aware scheduling is to deterministic operation in diverse settings. The simulation results show a steady reduction in the critical deadline miss rate, approaching near-zero levels under normal, burst, and failure scenarios. The proposed method enhances robustness during periods of burst traffic and performs well during failures and mobility scenarios. It addresses latency and competes with packet loss performance. The technique outperforms traditional schemes such as EDF, WFQ and greedy scheduling. The architecture aligns with emerging frameworks such as 3GPP QoS, IEEE TSN, and IETF DetNet, providing a practical pathway toward deterministic wireless connectivity for Industry 4.0 applications such as industrial automation, robotic control, and autonomous guided vehicles. The experimental results demonstrate that the Deadline-Aware Resource Scheduling (DARS) mechanism significantly outperforms the baseline schedulers such as EDF, WFQ, and DRL with an extremely low critical deadline miss rate (0%) under normal, burst, and failure modes. Deadline-Aware Resource Scheduling (DARS) mechanism for deterministic communication across heterogeneous wireless technologies. Enhancement in robustness during periods of burst traffic and good performance during failures and mobility scenarios. A practical pathway towards deterministic wireless connectivity for Industry 4.0 applications.
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Chandra et al. (2026) studied this question.