Evolution and Transformation of Higher Education Internationalization: Clusters and Innovative Paradigms

The internationalization of higher education has evolved from mobility-centered strategies toward more complex frameworks that integrate intercultural, pedagogical, and ethical dimensions. This study conducts a comprehensive analysis of 1,790 scientific publications indexed in Scopus between 1972 and 2025 to map the evolution, thematic density, and emerging paradigms of the field. The analysis examines research production and new trends in higher education internationalization to identify influential concepts, nodes, and clusters shaping contemporary debates. Results reveal an exponential increase in scientific production since the 2000s, accompanied by a shift from descriptive approaches—focused on cooperation and mobility—to multidimensional perspectives emphasizing intercultural competence, internationalization of the curriculum, global citizenship, sustainability, and educational innovation. Nine thematic clusters were identified, spanning areas such as governance and policy, pedagogical transformation, linguistic diversity, social justice, strategic management, and transnational education. Intercultural competence and global citizenship emerged as cross-cutting hinge nodes linking most clusters, reflecting a growing orientation toward learner-centered and socially responsible internationalization. The findings demonstrate that higher education internationalization is transitioning toward a post-hegemonic paradigm that incorporates decolonial, inclusive, and linguistically diverse approaches. This study contributes to an updated cartography of the field and highlights the need for institutional models that articulate strategic, pedagogical, and ethical dimensions in an integrated manner. Implications point toward a redefinition of internationalization as a relational ecosystem focused not only on mobility and competitiveness, but on transformative learning, epistemic equity, and global social responsibility.