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September 10, 2026Implementation Science CommunicationsOpen Access

Why translation is not enough and how functional language use can improve cultural adaptation in bilingual implementation settings

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Authors

JZJuan Pablo ZapataABAna A. BaumannJDJennifer Dibbern

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Overview

Case study demonstrates functional bilingual communication strategies in clinical interventions, suggesting intentional language switching improves engagement and reduces cognitive load.

Key Points

  • To propose a functional model of linguistic adaptation that moves beyond single-language translation by integrating natural bilingual communication practices into intervention design and implementation.
  • Synthesized findings from sociolinguistics and psycholinguistics concerning bilingual language co-activation and contextual deployment.
  • Developed an adaptation framework centered on three core practices: functional code-switching, translanguaging, and plurilingual design.
  • Applied the framework to an implementation case study to evaluate proximal processes governing participant engagement.
  • Monolingual translation strategies misalign with bilingual cognitive processing, creating linguistic friction and increased cognitive load.
  • Intentional bilingual practices, such as code-switching and translanguaging, enhance perceived intervention fit, credibility, and relational safety.
  • Flexible language choices function as active intervention design elements rather than secondary stylistic modifications.

Cite This Study

Zapata et al. (2026) studied this question.

synapsesocial.com/papers/6aa27b3558559d80afc7454fhttps://doi.org/10.1186/s43058-026-01104-9
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