Regeneration of Red Pine and White Pine Following Wildfire and Logging in Northeastern Minnesota

The exacting silvical requirements for regenerating red pine and white pine in northeastern Minnesota are rarely met by natural disturbance including wildfire. Buildup of aspen to the point of takeover, incidence of white pine blister rust (Cronartium ribicola), and lack of abundant seed trees make impossible the re-creation of natural conditions which favored the establishment of these pines in the past. Data from seven areas–two burned, two logged, and three undisturbed–illustrate the point.