What does this research mean for the field?

GLP-1 receptor agonists are associated with a moderate but significant increase in the risk of gallbladder disease compared to DPP-4 inhibitors in patients with type II diabetes. Novelty: ClaimNovelty.CONFIRMATORY. Consensus alignment: ConsensusAlignment.SUPPORTS_CONSENSUS.

What question did this study set out to answer?

To assess and confirm the comparative risk of developing gallbladder disease in adults with type 2 diabetes initiating glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs) versus dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors (DPP-4Is).

September 10, 2026Current Medical Research and Opinion

A retrospective cohort study on the comparative safety of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists versus dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors on the onset of gallbladder disease in type II diabetes

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Authors

KCKatie CarlsonUniversity of Illinois Chicago JKJasmeen KaurCentral University of Punjab CGCharles GaberAmerican Association of Colleges of Pharmacy

Discussion

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Implication

Retrospective cohort study finds higher gallbladder disease risk in type 2 diabetes with GLP-1RAs versus DPP-4 inhibitors, highlighting surveillance needs.

Key Points

To assess and confirm the comparative risk of developing gallbladder disease in adults with type 2 diabetes initiating glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs) versus dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors (DPP-4Is).
Retrospective cohort analysis of administrative claims data from 2016 to 2021 examining adults newly prescribed GLP-1RAs (N=135,197) or DPP-4Is (N=118,919) who had no history of gallbladder disease within 6 months prior to the index date.
Cumulative incidence beyond an initial 45-day minimal follow-up period was estimated via the Kaplan-Meier method, and Cox proportional hazards regression models evaluated hazard ratios up to 2 years.
At 1 year, the cumulative incidence of gallbladder disease was 1.286% for GLP-1RAs versus 1.054% for DPP-4Is, corresponding to an adjusted HR of 1.241 (95% CI, 1.104–1.393).
At 2 years, cumulative incidence reached 2.181% in the GLP-1RA group versus 2.039% in the DPP-4I group, with an adjusted HR of 1.176 (95% CI, 1.061–1.304).

Cite This Study

Carlson et al. (2026) studied this question.

synapsesocial.com/papers/6aa27be758559d80afc755b3 https://doi.org/10.1080/03007995.2026.2726017

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Implication

Retrospective cohort study finds higher gallbladder disease risk in type 2 diabetes with GLP-1RAs versus DPP-4 inhibitors, highlighting surveillance needs.

A retrospective cohort study on the comparative safety of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists versus dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors on the onset of gallbladder disease in type II diabetes

Discussion

Member takes

Implication

Key Points

Cite This Study

A retrospective cohort study on the comparative safety of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists versus dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors on the onset of gallbladder disease in type II diabetes

Discussion

Member takes

Implication

Key Points

Cite This Study

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