Closed circuit desalination series no-2: new affordable technology for sea water desalination of low energy and high flux using short modules without need of energy recovery

Closed circuit desalination (CCD) trials of Mediterranean Water, performed with a new technology unit of different confi gurations comprising four modules each of 1-4 membrane elements, reveal the RO energy range 1.8-2.8kWh m -3 in the respective fl ux range 8-40 lmh for recovery up to 50%.Mediterranean trials RO energy of the new technology at fl ux of 13-14 lmh of conventional SWRO plants was found in the range 1.9-2.1 kWh m -3 with a plausible further improvement to 1.7-1.8kWh m -3 expected with effi ciency of feed pressurizing and concentrate recycling means of 85% and 60%, respectively.The extensive experimental data of Mediterranean water desalination trials by the new technology disclosed herein, reveal an extraordinarily energy effi cient technology of high fl ux capability which operates without any need for energy recovery.