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On the basis of the critical car density line in the phase diagram of the Biham–Middleton–Levine model for symmetric two-dimensional traffic systems, the formula of the flow in the intermediate jam flow phase is hypothesized. The formula is utilized to obtain the phase boundary between the free flow and jam flow phases, where the flow becomes maximum. The validity of this phase boundary has been confirmed by simulations.
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Ishibashi et al. (2016) studied this question.
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