An acceptor‐donor‐acceptor (A‐D‐A) three‐dimensional ( 3D ) small molecule acceptor ( SFTTIC ), using spirobifluorene as the core unit linking with four thieno[3,2‐ b ]thiophenes ( TT ) and end‐capped with 2‐(3‐ oxo ‐2,3‐dihydro‐1 H ‐inden‐1‐ylidene)malononitrile ( INCN ) was developed for solution processed organic solar cells. SFTTIC has a high absorption coefficient up to 3.12 × 10 5 mol −1 •cm −1 , good thermal stability and appropriate energy levels. The optimized power conversion efficiency ( PCE ) of 5.66% and 4.65% was achieved for the devices with PBDB ‐T: SFTTIC and PTB7 ‐Th: SFTTIC , respectively.
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Chang et al. (2017) studied this question.
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