Cytotoxicity and Genotoxicity of Commonly Utilized Endodontic Sealers: A Review

Radicular pulp cavity filling materials (root canal sealer) are a crucial component after cleaning and shaping for an effective obturation procedure. The germs that are still present in the auxiliary canals after cleaning and shaping may also be killed by radicular pulp cavity filling materials. The most frequently used sealers in endodontic procedures are ZOE (zinc oxide-eugenol) bases, calcium hydroxide bases, and resin bases. Endodontic sealants may come into touch with the root apex before setting or may be extruded into the periapical space through the apical foramen and auxiliary (lateral and accessory) canals, both of which can have adverse biological effects. They may irritate, inflame, or impede wound healing. Which depend on the cytotoxic and genotoxic qualities of the sealer. A substance's capacity to damage or kill cells is referred to as cytotoxicity (programmed cell death or reproductive cell death), and its capacity to harm a cell's DNA molecule is referred to as genotoxicity (toxic effects on DNA structure or DNA damage). Evaluation of cytotoxicity and genotoxicity caused by root canal sealer is required to clarify the genuine health hazards to patients and professionals because there is strong evidence linking genetic damage and carcinogenesis. The utilized endodontic materials are likely to cause some degree of cytotoxicity and genotoxicity. This present paper's goal is to study the cytotoxicity, genotoxicity, and characteristics of various (zinc oxide eugenol, calcium hydroxide, and resin bases) endodontic sealers.