Combination and Nongraded Classes: Definitions and Frequency in Twelve States

In this study we examined the frequency of combination and nongraded classes in 12 states as well as changes in the use of combination classes during several years prior to the study. 571 elementary school principals responded to a survey about their traditional (age graded) and nontraditional (combination and nongraded) classes. Although combination classes represented 17% of the classrooms in California, most states contained 3%-7% of these classes-a percentage far lower than reported in Canada, England, and other European countries. Nongraded classes were rarely used (0%-.8%). Of the 10,262 classes, 9,779 (95.3%) consisted of a single grade, 454 (4.4%) were 2- or 3-grade combinations, and 29 (.3%) were nongraded. Differences are presented by state, area (urban, suburban, or rural), school size, and calendar type (traditional or year-round). Implications for policy and research are discussed.