The effect of post-reperfusion levosimendan in an experimental intestinal ischemia–reperfusion model

Figures

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  Fig. 1. Study groups flow chart. *IIR intestinal ischemia-reperfusion, †IIR + L intestinal ischemia-reperfusion + levosimendan

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  Fig. 2. Small intestinal tissue following ischemia and reperfusion

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  Fig. 3. Mean arterial blood pressure levels. *Comparison of IIR and IIR + L groups with sham group (p = 0.011, p = 0.011). &IIR + L group, group measurements when compared to basal measurements (p < 0.001). †IIR group, group measurements when compared to basal measurements (p < 0.001). IIR intestinal ischemia-reperfusion, IIR + L intestinal ischemia-reperfusion + levosimendan, MAP mean arterial blood pressure, MAP0 basal time, MAP1 15th min of ischemia, MAP2 30th min of ischemia, MAP3 60th min of ischemia, MAP4 15th min of reperfusion, MAP5 30th min of reperfusion, MAP6 60th min of reperfusion, MAP7 120th min of reperfusion, MAP8 after levosimendan bolus, MAP9 at the end of the levosimendan infusion

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  Fig. 4. Tissue Malondialdehid (MDA) levels in small intestinal tissue (p > 0.05)

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  Fig. 5. Histopathological evaluation of the small intestinal tissue. *Comparison of the IIR and IIR + L groups with the Sham group (p = 0.001). **Comparison of the IIR + L group with the IIR group (p = 0.03). IIR intestinal ischemia-reperfusion, IIR + L intestinal ischemia-reperfusion + levosimendan

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  Fig. 6. Microscopic view of the Sham group tissue samples. Normal small intestinal mucosa: plica circularis (triangle), epithelial layer (e), goblet cells (right arrow), submucosal layer (star), and tunica muscularis (square). Hematoxylin–eosin (H&E) stain with amplifications of A1: × 4, A2: × 10, A3: × 20, and A4: × 40)

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  Fig. 7. Microscopic view of IIR group tissue samples. Villus degeneration, increase in capillary permeability and congestion (right arrow), increase in mononuclear cells, intraepithelial hemorrhage, and ulcers are observed, and degeneration is observed in the plica circularis and epithelial layers (star) and shows the submucosal layer and the tunica muscularis (square). Hematoxylin–eosin (H&E) stain with amplifications of B1: × 4, B2: × 10, B3: × 20, B4: × 40)

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  Fig. 8. Microscopic view of the IIR + L group tissue samples. Epithelial layer (e), submucosal layer (black star), tunica muscularis (square), and goblet cells (right arrow) are shown. Hematoxylin–eosin (H&E) stain with amplifications of C1: × 4, C2: × 10, C3: × 20, C4: × 40)