The magnetization of diluted nanoparticle systems [Co₈₀Fe₂₀(tₙ)∕Al₂O₃(30.3em0exnm)]₁₀ with tₙ=0.7 and 0.50.3em0exnm reveals strong paramagnetic contributions at low temperatures. They are due to atomically small magnetic clusters, which are undetectable in transmission electron microscopy and surround nanoparticles with saturating field-cooled magnetization. Zero field memory effects unequivocally discriminate between superspin glass and superparamagnetic behavior for tₙ=0.7 and 0.50.3em0exnm, respectively.
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Chen et al. (2005) studied this question.
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