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The cross section of an elastomer seal for pneumatic actuator pistons was optimized to minimize the friction force exchanged with the cylinder bore. The new seal geometry was developed using a finite element numerical model which takes material nonlinearities and frictional contact with seat and cylinder bore surfaces into account. The friction force exchanged between the new seal and the pneumatic cylinder bore was measured experimentally using a suitable sensorized test bench.
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Belforte et al. (2005) studied this question.
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