Field study reveals variations in breeding success and survival between colonial and non-colonial shelducks, highlighting ecological trade-offs of social nesting.
M. W. Pienkowski, P. R. Evans, Breeding Behaviour, Productivity and Survival of Colonial and Non-Colonial Shelducks Tadorna tadorna, Ornis Scandinavica (Scandinavian Journal of Ornithology), Vol. 13, No. 2 (Aug., 1982), pp. 101-116
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Pienkowski et al. (1982) studied this question.
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