TREM-1 Expression in Tumor-associated Macrophages and Clinical Outcome in Lung Cancer

RATIONALE: Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells (TREM)-1 is a molecule crucial for the triggering and amplification of inflammatory response and a new biomarker for sepsis. Tumor-associated macrophages and inflammation in the tumor microenvironment are also involved in cancer progression. OBJECTIVES: To determine the role of TREM-1 in tumor-associated macrophage and cancer progression. METHODS: Using ELISA and Western blot, we measured soluble TREM-1 levels in 65 pleural effusions of various etiologies. We evaluated TREM-1-positive cells by immunocytochemistry in malignant pleural effusion and in lung tumor versus adjacent normal tissue in surgical specimens from 68 patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). TREM-1 expression was correlated with patient survival. TREM-1 expression in primary isolated peripheral blood macrophages cocultured with lung cancer cell lines was determined by quantitative real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Soluble TREM-1 and tumor-associated macrophage TREM-1 expression was increased in malignant pleural effusions in patients with NSCLC. Lung cancer cells could directly up-regulate TREM-1 and proinflammatory cytokine (tumor necrosis factor-alpha, IL-1beta) expression in primary isolated peripheral blood macrophages in coculture experiments. Increased TREM-1-positive tumor-associated macrophages in tumor tissue of patients with NSCLC were associated with reduced disease-free (P = 0.011) and overall survival (P = 0.004). Multivariate Cox regression analysis indicated that TREM-1 was an independent predictor of patient survival (hazard ratio, 2.72; 95% confidence interval, 1.33-5.57; P = 0.006). CONCLUSIONS: Cancer cells can directly up-regulate TREM-1 expression in patients' macrophages. TREM-1 expression in tumor-associated macrophages is associated with cancer recurrence and poor survival of patients with NSCLC. TREM-1 and the inflammatory response may play an important role in cancer progression.