A comprehensive review of the production of biodiesel from fish waste – Challenges and opportunities

Waste from fish processing is a burden on the environment, in fact, possesses a significant potential as a sustainable energy source. In this review, the possibility of using fish waste to produce biodiesel as a response to the development of renewable energy and the principles of the circular economy has been thoroughly discussed with particular impact on how sustainable extraction and conversion technologies are qualifying the clean transformation of waste into high quality fuel. Along with technical feasibility, fish waste biodiesel has several benefits: it decreases pollution, provides more sources of energy, and creates new employment opportunities among the communities living on the coast. Implementing hybrid extraction systems, improved quality of catalysts, and AI-controlled optimization enhanced the usability of fish waste, which are also incorporated. Moreover, it touches on the strategy of bio-diesel production that should be appended through a biorefinery to utilize resources to the full extent. The paper has defined fish waste biodiesel as a source of substitute fuel as well as a force of sustainable growth, connecting environmental protection with technological advancement. Such a strategy, which is supported by policies and combined with joint work, can change the current condition of waste management and speed up the process of moving towards a more environmentally friendly world. • Fish waste reviewed as a potential source of biodiesel in a circular economy. • Based on the effects of energy consumption and emissions, the extraction methods have been compared. • A definite correlation has been observed between the composition of fatty acids and the properties of fuel. • Practical insights have been elaborated to illustrate the gaps in techno-economic and LCA. • The major problems with elaborate research plans have been determined to scale up.