A gyro-backward wave oscillator with its oscillation frequency close to the waveguide cutoff frequency has been experimentally demonstrated by other investigators to attain near 20% efficiency. Computer simulations have been carried out to elucidate the mechanisms which give rise to this high efficiency regime. The result shows that one of the plausible mechanisms is the resulting large frequency mismatch (detuning) which places the electron bunch in azimuthal phase close to where the maximum electron–wave coupling occurs.
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Lin et al. (1993) studied this question.
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