Two-Dimensional Material Interface Engineering for Efficient Perovskite Large-Area Modules

In this work, we demonstrate the successful application of two-dimensional (2D) materials, i.e., graphene and functionalized MoS 2, in perovskite solar cells (PSCs) by interface engineering the standard mesoscopic n–i–p structure. The use of 2D materials has the dual role to improve both the stability and the overall power conversion efficiency (PCE) of the PSCs compared to standard devices. The application of 2D materials is successfully extended to large-area perovskite solar modules (PSMs), achieving PCEs of 13.4% and 15.3% on active areas of 108 cm 2 and 82 cm 2, respectively. This performance results in record-high active area-indexed aperture PCE (AIAPCE) of 1266.5% cm 2 . In addition, the 2D materials-based PSMs show a stability under a prolonged (>1000 h) thermal stress test at 65 °C (ISOS-D2), representing a crucial advancement in the exploitation of perovskite photovoltaic technology.