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Scalp-recorded event-related potential (ERP) measures of reading and listening have been proved more sensitive to the time course of syntactic processing than the chronometric and behavioral data described by Caplan & Waters. ERP studies using sentences containing relative clauses indicate that there are individual differences in syntactic processing that appear at the earliest theoretically relevant time points and are attributable to working memory operations.
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Kutas et al. (1999) studied this question.
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