Anti-Hypertensive Property of an NO Nanoparticle in an Adenine-Induced Chronic Kidney Disease Young Rat Model

Figures

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  Figure 1. Experimental protocol used in the current study.

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  Figure 2. (A) Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) image (scale bar: 1 μm) and (B) scanning electron microscopy (SEM) image (scale bar: 5 μm) of GSNO-loaded Cu/ZIF-8 nanoparticles.

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  Figure 3. (A) Stability of GSNO and GSNO-loaded Cu/ZIF-8 in PBS solution (pH 7.4) without containing GSH. (B) NO release profiles from GSNO-loaded Cu/ZIF-8 in the absence and presence of 10 mM GSH. n = 3 experiments.

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  Figure 4. NO nanoparticle treatment attenuated kidney dysfunction and reduced blood pressure. (A) Plasma creatinine level. (B) The ratio of kidney weight to body weight was calculated to reveal the profile of renal hypertrophy. (C) Mean arterial pressure in rats from 3 to 9 weeks of age. MA. The letters a, b, and c indicate the differences between the groups (p < 0.05, one-way ANOVA); n = 8/group.

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  Figure 5. NO nanoparticle and DETA NONOate treatment resulted in altered NO pathway. Effects of NO nanoparticle treatment on plasma concentrations of (A) L-arginine, (B) asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA), (C) symmetric dimethylarginine (SDMA), and (D) the ratio of L-arginine to ADMA (AAR). (E) Representative Western blots demonstrate endotheial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS, 140 kDa), neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS, 155 kDa), dimethylarginine dimethylaminohydrolase-1 (DDAH1, 31 kDa), and dimethylarginine dimethylaminohydrolase-2 (DDAH2, 30 kDa) bands. (F) The relative protein abundance of renal cortical eNOS, nNOS, DDAH1, and DDAH2 were calculated. The letters a, b, and c indicate the differences between the groups (p < 0.05, one-way ANOVA); n = 8/group.

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  Figure 6. (A) Representative micrographs of kidney sections demonstrated significant 8-OHdG-positive cells in glomeruli and tubular cells in CKD group as compared with the other groups. (B) Quantitative analysis of 8-OHdG-positive cells per microscopic field (200×). The letters a and b indicate the differences between the groups (p < 0.05, one-way ANOVA); n = 8/group.

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  Figure 7. NO nanoparticle treatment caused alterations in the renin–angiotensin system (RAS). Barplots represent renal mRNA expression of RAS components, including angiotensinogen (Agt), renin, (pro)renin receptor (PRR), angiotensin converting enzyme-1 (ACE1) and -2 (ACE2), angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1R), and angiotensin (1–7) MAS receptor (MAS). The letters a and b indicate the differences between the groups (p < 0.05, one-way ANOVA); n = 8/group.