Liquid crystal bulk alignment, including the pretilt angle, on rubbed polyimide is related, using a biaxial Landau-de Gennes model, to the orientational distribution of its surface monolayer. The predicted correlation can be experimentally verified, using optical second harmonic generation to probe the liquid crystal surface monolayer and linear optics to measure the bulk alignment.
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Zhuang et al. (1995) studied this question.
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