Geometrically nonlinear formulation for the axisymmetric shell elements

A geometrically nonlinear formulation using total Lagrangian approach is presented for the axisymmetric shell elements. The basic element is formulated using the co‐ordinates of the mid‐surface nodes and the mid‐surface nodal point normals. An important aspect of the formulation presented here is that the restriction on the magnitude of the nodal rotations is eliminated. This is accomplished by retaining true nonlinear nodal rotation terms in the definition of the displacement field and the consistent derivation of the element properties based on this displacement field. The element properties are derived and presented in detail. Numerical examples are also presented to demonstrate the element behaviour and the accuracy.