Perimeter and Location of the Muscular Gastroesophageal Junction or ‘Cardia’ in Control Subjects and in Patients with Reflux Esophagitis or Achalasia

The location and perimeter of the true muscular gastroesophageal junction or cardia were determined during operation in 6 patients with achalasia, in 20 control subjects, and in 40 patients with reflux esophagitis. These two latter groups were submitted to highly selective vagotomy, owing to duodenal ulcer in the control subjects and as part of the surgical technique in reflux esophagitis patients. The careful dissection and isolation of the distal 5-6 cm of the esophagus and esophagogastric junction permitted us to measure the location and perimeter very precisely. There was a very close correlation between the distance incisors-beginning of gastroesophageal sphincter measured preoperatively and the distance incisors-cardia measured during surgery. The cardia could be clearly identified by external inspection corresponding to the limit between the longitudinal muscle layer of the esophagus and the serosal surface of the stomach. The perimeter of the cardia in the patients with reflux esophagitis was significantly larger than the perimeter of the control subjects (p less than 0.001). Intraoperative manometry demonstrated that the external limit of the cardia corresponded to the beginning of the gastroesophageal sphincter. Patients with achalasia had significantly smaller perimeter than controls or reflux esophagitis patients (p less than 0.001).